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In gridiron football, intentional grounding is a violation of the rules in which "a passer...throws a forward pass without a realistic chance of completion."〔Official Rules of the NFL, Rule 8-3-1.〕 This typically happens when a quarterback about to be sacked passes the ball toward an area of the field with no eligible receiver. Were it not for this rule, the quarterback could easily turn the sack into an incomplete pass which, by rule, would advance the ball back to the line of scrimmage. ==Elements== A ball carrier, in any location, commits intentional grounding when throwing a pass that does not reach the line of scrimmage; for instance, throwing the football down near himself. An exception is that the quarterback is allowed to spike the ball immediately after receiving it from the center. At the cost of a down, this is a way to stop the clock that a team may use when it has no time outs left. Intentional grounding is also called if all of the following components are present: *Imminent pressure. If the passer does not face "imminent loss of yardage,"〔 then there is no penalty. It is not a violation when the passer is not about to be tackled but simply misses his receiver because the receiver fails to run the route the quarterback expects. *Location. The quarterback must be inside the "tackle box," the area between the two offensive tackles on the line. If the quarterback scrambles to either side and is closer to the sideline than that side's tackle lined up, there is no penalty. This loosening of the rule was passed in 1993 in order to protect valuable quarterbacks〔http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-07-23/sports/9307230046_1_quarterbacks-minnesota-coach-dennis-green-rule〕 *Target of the pass. The ball must be passed where there is no eligible receiver, such as well out of bounds. If a receiver is nearby but fails to catch the ball, or if a defender deflects the pass, there is no penalty. After a flag is thrown, the officials may confer to decide whether all these components were present, and may "pick up the flag" on finding there was no intentional grounding. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「intentional grounding」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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